Periyar Speaks : FAREWELL COMRADES!

 

by Modern Rationalist

 

 May 31, 2024

 

in 2024, April, 2024, Periyar Speaks

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On 19th December, 1973 Periyar delivered his final speech at a venue in (Pitti) Theagaraya Nagar, Chennai, (Tamil Nadu). It can be called his Swansong — final oration on a stage – because he passed away within five days, on 24th December, 1973. This last speech of his is remembered even today as an outlet of his “last wish” and a verbal legacy for the people. The excerpts from his speech are as follows:

My dear cadres, followers, well-wishers and friends, today I decided to convey my regret that I have not succeeded in my task of uplifting you all. According to the graded inequality imposed by fanatics we are all described as the fourth caste Sudhras and fifth caste Panchamas. What we need now is sense of honour. We should no longer live in the slush of indignity. We can come to the level ground only if we climb up. We have been belittled by brahminocracy. This has to change before we move further. I am sure my dream will come true atleast after my life time.

Strength in rights:
Dear comrades, our strength lies only in our fundamental rights. Our average life span today is 52 years – not 500! Somehow I am 95 today as an exception, but an exception cannot be a rule. May be atleast ten more men may be like me around 95. What I mean to say is that we must make it fast and safeguard all our basic rights. Because of the British rule we have got a lot of comforts, new inventions and facilities. They have made our life easy to a great extent. What we need now is dignity and unfathomable knowledge to come up in life.
We should fight for our rights and resist autocrats who have been suppressing us denying our basic rights, such as education and literacy. When we started self-respect movement very few of our people were educated. Ten out of a hundred might have been literate. We made people realise their right to education. By our fights and efforts today a large number of people in our society have become literate. Only such rights can keep us strong for ever.

People’s Movement:
I believe that our Rationalist movement is a People’s movement in all respects. Nature has provided only humans with the power of reasoning. No other species on the earth has an ability to reason except us. We had to start Rationalist movement to create an awareness in people about the dire need of rationalist outlook. It has grown rapidly as a movement of the people.
The rationalists of western countries have come out with amazing inventions using their power of reasoning and scientific spirit. Scientists there have found out ways for child birth without conjugal relationship. Drugs have been invented for many diseases that were once considered incurable. We enjoy longevity today owing to their inventions. By the end of 20th century you people would find a great fall in the rate of mortality but I may not exist to witness it. I urge upon all of you to nourish rationalism and develop in society on a par with the foreigners. Emulate them and compete with them in paving the way for faster advancement in life. My purpose today is to motivate you all to achieve it.

Three per cent ‘minorities’:
A group of fanatics who are just three per cent of the population have been dominating us. Is it not a matter of shame for us all? Am I the only person ashamed of the denigration? Since 1925 I have been struggling to make you all think about this humiliation. No other political leader joined me in this fight because they are selfish people who always think about the next election – not about the next generation.
We have succeeded only partially. We could invade employment and education and reap benefits to some extent. This was possible because our revolution was always silent; never violent. There was no vendetta spree in our agitations. We assaulted none. We avoided force. Our State Government today has not even one brahmin in the ministry. Is it not a sign of our victory? We fought to eradicate blind belief and people have proved by their mandate that they are with us. It is said “well begun is half done”. We have achieved a half. We still have to go a long way. Even if I cease to exist, you should all complete the journey that I began.

Inverted commas:
In our Constitution the word “untouchability” is found within inverted commas since it is a significant problem in our society. The Constitution is in favour of abolishing “untouchability” but not in favour of eradicating religions. How can castes be abolished without abolishing religions? As long as birth based discriminations exist, caste system, religious extremism and inequality would also exist. We need your collective efforts to annihilate all these evils and establish social justice. Come forward to achieve this objective for the sake of your family; your wife and children – not merely to satisfy me or to pacify me. Think freely and decide on your own.

Pseudo philosophies:
All the outdated codes of conduct and pseudo philosophies should be thrown overboard in order to achieve true liberation. Ancient scriptures and mythologies have made our people irrational. This must change in the ‘World to Come’. You should reject everything that does not make any sense. Shed all the inhibitions and cultivate a rationalist outlook. Stay away from mind-boggling superstitions fabricated by fanatics long ago. Heaven and hell, destiny and salvation are all pseudo philosophies framed to mislead people. Stay away from all such illusions.
Social reformation is a noble task. Fight for it with an unflinching resolve and unswerving patience. Forming an egalitarian society is now your responsibility because I have lived my life and I am a little bit exhausted. You should make my dreams come true.

True contentment:
Never forget that self-respective life alone can cause a contented life. Never give up your self-respect and lead a life of servility. Honour and intellect are invaluable for each of you. Do not stoop before anyone losing your self-respect. Transformation of a regressive society needs rebels – not geniuses. Use your will power to swim against the cross-currents of life. Remember at all times that you were all born to win. Thank you comrades.
Source: ‘Viduthalai
Translated by: M.R.Manohar

LIBERATION OF WOMEN

 By | on July 11, 2023 |The modernrationalist

Periyar Speaks

For centuries in the past women have been ridiculed as a weaker sex and treated as mere store house of pleasures, unpaid labourers and use and throw cups. Periyar raised voice against cruelty to women. If women are free, respected, self-reliant and economically independent today, they owe a debt of gratitude to Periyar who spoke and wrote much during his lifetime in defence of women. Gleanings from his speeches are here. They were all delivered at various places, on various dates, concerning women’s problems.

Women’s education

Educated women can reform uncultured men. As long as women in our society remain illiterate, men would be uncouth ruffians. I advise parents to give importance to the education of their daughters. (23.08.1956)
Men of the modern era prefer an educated woman to share their life. Literate women would earn respect in the family. Illiterate women are likely to remain spinsters forever. So education is essential for every woman. (20.04.1931).
Education is the ladder which would help women reach great height in life. The mind of a literate woman would operate on a higher level of intellect. She can make her own choice and lead her life on her own terms. (08.06.1966).
Education makes a woman economically independent. She can become an entrepreneur if she completes a vocational course. An educated woman would achieve equality in all respects. She would come up in life and be superior to men. (08.07.1968).

Widow remarriage

Long ago a woman had to be burnt alive on the funeral pyre of her husband. The system was called ‘SATI’ or saga gamanam’. By the strife of reformers like Warren Hastings and Dayanand Saraswathi, the system was abolished, but widow remarriage is still opposed by many conservatists. I am in favour of widow remarriages. When a widower can remarry why can’t a widow? Why do we have double standard?
I practice what I preach. When the daughter of my sister lost her husband I got her married off to a relative, facing a lot of protests. According to the census of 1921 the number of Hindu widows in our country was 26,37,788. Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy protested against cruelty to widows. People should come forward to encourage widow remarriages in order to establish equality and social justice. (22.08.1926).

Property rights

Women should have equal rights in property on a par with men. I have been insisting on this – Recently at the Y.M.C.A. building in Chennai, eminent religious exponent Narayana Kurup and former Advocate General Venkatrama Shastri spoke in a public meeting emphasising grant of property rights to all women. Equal rights for women in property are essential for their empowerment. It would make them economically independent and would relieve them from enslaved condition.
Outdated systems must be thrown overboard. Property rights were denied to women long ago. In 20th Century the unequal system must be violated to pave the way for reformations. In the ancestral family property, daughters too deserve a substantial share. I would stress that the share must in fact be equivalent to that of the sons. There should be no discrimination. (26.10.1930)

Self-respect marriages

Women should say “NO” to marriage performed in the presence of a Brahmin priest. The chanting of unintelligible and gibberish words make no sense. Such marriages are not economically viable to middle class parents. These conventional rituals are devoid of self-respect. Hence, I advise self-respect marriages. Exchange of garlands, promises by the couple and witness of well-wishers are enough. (03.06.1928)
Self-respect marriages save our time and money. They include remarriages. It is a sign of social reformation. Self-respect marriages are protests against caste system and religious fanaticism. The ridiculous dowry demand is also eradicated. Secularism and universal brotherhood are established by self-respect marriages. Women should insist on getting married in this manner. Wedding knot (called “Thali” or “Mangalyam” in Tamil) could be optional. (31.05.1931).

Family Planning

Every woman should have the right to decide whether she needs a child or not. Pregnancy could be terminated on various grounds, but it should be a matter of a woman’s personal choice. Use of contraceptives must not be prevented. If a woman prefers a small family, she must be allowed to plan her family.
Women are not child generating machines. They are much more than flesh and blood. Parents – in – law who mock at sterile women must be punished. Abortions have a legal sanction in western Countries. We too need such freedom for our women. Frequent child birth adversely affect their heath. Forcing them to conceive against their will is dehumanisation. (01.03.1931).

Safety of women

It is a pity, most of our women folk are not much bothered about their safety. The world is a concrete jungle. It is our duty to protect our women. I wish women are recruited in large numbers in the police department. If they wield rifles and canes, they can instil fear in anti-social ruffians, besides protecting themselves. Women should aspire for jobs in the Army. They can also serve as pilots in aircrafts and captains in ships. Nothing is impossible for women, but they should have the inclination and aspiration.
Women should not exist as door mats and mannequins in textile shops. Russian women are in police department. They are trained in operating parachutes too. Our women should treat them as role models. In our country, even women riding bicycles are stared at, like a snake. With the passing of time, woman in the police department would naturally become a common sight. “Woman! Know thyself!”, should be our slogan. I am sure, in the world to come, our women would be in all posts and positions in every field, brushing shoulders with men. (18.11.1946).

Domestic chores

Women suffer in our country as unpaid labourers. This must change. Routine household chores; tasks, must be shared by a husband. Women should not be confined to the kitchen throughout the day. They need a break to relax, to read and write and for some entertainment too. Most of the parents get their son married off merely to get a domestic help appointed for free services. What an unpardonable cruelty!
Women should raise voice against ill treatment meted out to them. They must get educated and employed. Arrangements could be made by employing some one for household chores. Women should interact with people in the world outside and increase the level of their intellect. We must understand the pain of a woman and treat her as a human being. (10.07.1963)

Divorce rights

No woman should be forced to endure a married life when there is the problem of incompatibility. The root cause of this problem is ancient literature, mythologies and fabricated fables, scriptures, etc; They have soaked our women in meaningless codes of conduct in married life. Leading life with a wicked ruffian and an incurable sick husband is an unbearable torture. Such women should have the right to obtain divorce and turn a new leaf of life.
Why should a woman be enslaved to a husband who has extramarital affairs, as if chastity is exclusively meant to be a woman’s virtue? Classical mythologies have kept women under threat, fear and blind beliefs. Women should be allowed to delink themselves from the shackles of an unpleasant married life. Talking about the restitution of conjugal rights is meaningless. (21.12.1930)

Ignore astrologers

Astrologers have spoiled the lives of many women by their ridiculous predictions and calculations. Horoscopes are actually horror scopes. Women should never believe that certain faults lie in their stars. Planets and stars, the sun and the moon are all marvels of nature. Women should think rationally with a scientific spirit. Our destiny is in our hands, not on the lines on our palm. I would even say that all the astrologers must be arrested and dumped in jails.
Weekly, monthly and annual predictions made by these tricksters are all a ploy to pull wool over eyes. Most of our women waste their time and health by fasting on religious grounds. There is nothing called auspicious and inauspicious time. Every minute is good for all our activities. People who have had spouses through self- respect marriage are generally leading a contended life because they had totally ignored astrology and palmistry. Every woman should learn from them (09.07.1967).

General advice and tips

Women should give up abnormal craze towards jewels and expensive clothes. They must be frugal – not extravagant. Comparison with others in the neighbourhood should be avoided. Small savings would be useful when there are hard times. Wisdom lies in curtailing expenses. They must never exceed the income of the family. ( 12.09.1966)
Children must be raised injecting the elixir of scientific spirit. They should stay away from superstitions and gradually imbibe a rational outlook. This is the responsibility of the mothers. Every woman should bring up her children as noble citizens. Women are called home makers. They must teach the children culture and discipline. (21.08.1967)

Reservation for women

I have toured around many countries abroad. I have found women placed in 50 per cent of all the jobs. We need such advancement in our country. Women should get placement on a par with men. (19.09.1965).
Empowerment of women is not possible without reservations for them in employment (14.09.1975).
Women are capable of fulfilling any task competently. Our rulers should realise this and consider them for all types of jobs. Women are in no way inferior to men. It is not fair to treat them as suitable only to serve as teachers in schools. We must try to use their skill in several other fields (01.02.1973).

Freedom of dressing

Women should have the liberty to dress as they like it. We do not dictate terms to men in this aspect. Why should we then deny that freedom to women? Let them change their hairstyle as they wish. Let them wear what they like. Their appearance is also a matter of human right, isn’t it? Why should they appear as per our likes and dislikes? They were all born free. Living free is their birth right (08.04.1971).

Source: ‘Women’s Liberation’
(Tamil) / 2019.
Translated by: M.R. Manohar

GANESA’S BIRTH IS HUMBUG

Periyar Speaks

Ganesa is the most prominent among the Hindu deities, and has been worshipped by all the Hindus. He is called by hundreds of names like Ganapathi, Vinayaka, Vigneswara and so on.  No Hindu can deny that Ganesa is worshipped before the beginning of any activity, and he is also worshipped before any other god.

Let us go into the affairs of Ganesa, the most recognized and the most important of all gods.

Once when Parvati Devi, the wife of Siva, was going to take bath, she wanted to post a sentry to prevent anyone from entering the bathroom. So she rolled the dirt on her body into a lump and threw it on the floor.  It became a boy, to whom Parvati gave the responsibility of guarding the bathroom.  But Siva tried to enter the room and was prevented by the dirt ball of Ganesa who told him not to enter the room.  Siva got angry, cut off Ganesa’s head with  a single sweep of his sword, and made his entry into the bathroom.  When Parvati asked him how he entered the room when there was a guard at the gate, Siva replied that he had cut of the guard’s head. When Parvati heard that her son had been killed, she started rolling on the ground and crying. Seeing this Siva tried to bring the boy back to life by joining the severed head with the body, but was dismayed to find the head missing.  Hence he cut the head of the elephant that was close by and joined it on the body of the boy, to Parvati’s satisfaction. This story seems to have its source in Siva Puranam and Kanda Puranam.

Siva and Parvati happened to see in a forest two elephants (male and female) engaged in sexual union.  This sight induced in Siva and Parvati the desire to have sex and the result was a male child with an elephant’s face.

When Parvati was pregnant, an asura assumed the form of air, entered her womb and severed the head of the child. Parvati brought the child back to life by joining an elephant’s head to the body.  This episode is said to be found in Vinayaka Puranam.

Siva is supposed to have sent his elder son Ganesa to ravage Daksha’s fire sacrifice, when Daksha cut of Ganesa’s head. Then Siva sent his second son Subramanya to carry out the task.  The son went there and saw that his elder brother had been beheaded.  As the head could not be found anywhere, the younger brother joined an elephant head to the body and brought Ganesa back to life.  This episode seems to be found in Dakkayagaparani.

A few things must be accepted.  One is that Ganesa was the son of Siva and Parvati and the other one is that the elephant head is an unnatural formation.

If the most prominent deity has so many contradictory accounts and is supposed have had a birth and an upbringing, what about the other gods?  If a god has a father and the mother, should those father and mother not have their own father and mother?  In that case how can anybody accept that the gods came into being on their own?

It follows that we have to go in search of a different origin for god and the world.

When we start discussing god, it is said that god is one, he does not have a name, a shape or a character, he created himself, he is a form of energy or he is nature.  But later, the same people create crores  and  crores of gods and fabricate cart loads of obscene stories around them.  And we make people believe in them, worship them and conduct festivals for them.  The readers should ponder over the ignorance, fraud and effort involved in all these deeds.

Let us cite one example. At Chidambaram temple there is an elephant headed Ganesa who is inserting his trunk into the genital organ of the goddess (Vallabai) seated near him.  This can be seen by anyone, daily pujas are conducterd and a number of men and women have darshan of the these deities. In some temple cars, there is a Ganesa who inserts his trunk into the organ of a girl, lifts her and keeps her suspended in the air, while she remains there with her legs wide apart.  If anybody were to question about this obscenity, a mythological story is presented by way of explanation.

It seems there was a war betwen a god and an asura, and the god went on killing all the asuras  who appeared in front of him.  But the asuras was coming in multitude like moths, from the organ of a woman.  The god sought the help of Ganesa, who put his trunk into the woman’s organ and sucked away all the asuras who were emanating  from there.  What explanation do the ‘theists’ have for all such obscenities connected with gods?

Will it be enough if we are told that they were all written by somebody in the remote past? Are those writings not treasured even today? Are such gods not worshipped with consorts and vehicles?  We request the readers to ponder over these matters.

There are people who order the reformists how they should behave, and who shout that religion and gods are in danger.  Has anyone of these people who seek popular support come farward to remove such obscenities from religion?

No ‘theist’ is worried about such matters.  And they are interested in conducting Ganesa festival on the appropriate day, and carry on research in that regard.  They keep making speeches on these obscenities. When someone points them out, he is called an ‘atheist’.  We maintain that such activities cannot protect any god or any religion.

– Chitraputran

Courtesy: Kudi Arasu – 26^th August 1928
(Periyar wrote the article in the pseudoname, ‘Chitraputran’)
Translated by Prof. A. Ayyasamy

 - the modern rationalist

By | on October 1, 2018

PERIYAR BREAKS PILLAYAR IDOLS

By | on October 1, 2018

Periyar Speaks

In 1953, Periyar conducted an agitation of breaking the Pillayar (Ganesa) idols, the purpose for which he putforth in the following words:

“We have to eradicate the gods who are responsible for the institution which portray us as sudras, people of low birth, and some others as Brahmins of high birth.  While the former go on toiling, without any education, whereas the latter can remain without exerting themselves.  We have to break the idols of these gods.  I start with Ganesa because it is he who is worshipped before undertaking any task.”

“When I say I am going to break idols no one should think that I am going to do it inside the temples or that I will enter the temple and create a ruckus there.  No one will enter the temple.  We will either ask potters to make idols resembling the god or buy the painted ones sold in the shops.  We will publicise when and where the breaking is to take place, gather people and break them on the roadsides.  I assure that no one will remove or cause any damage to the temple idols.”

– (From periyar speech at Mangudi, 28^thApril 1953)

Periyar clarifies, “There is nothing to feel surprised or hesitant about breaking Pillayar idol.  Please let me know if there were a better means of expressing our feelings, you sudra ministers, sudra members of parliament and the legislature, educators including vice chancellors, reputed millionaires, scholars, lords, former zamindars, former maharajas, Sri La Sri Heads of mutts!  I am prepared to give a patient hearing to you.”

– (From statement by Periyar, ‘Viduthalai’: 07.05.1953)

Periyar chose a day for the idol breaking agitation – 27^th May, which was the birthday of Buddha.  The breaking would take place at 6.30 in the evening, he announced.  He said while breaking it, the following announcement must be made. “I am breaking it for having made me born in the low birth, and made me a sudra, a bastard.”

All through the state thousands of idols were broken. A case was filed against Periyar in the court.  In the course of enquiry, the judge Raman Nair asked, “They made Pillayar idols and they broke them.  Why do you question that?” “We had heartburn while seeing Pillayar idol being broken,” was the reply. The judge countered them, “They did not start breaking all of a sudden.  They were propagating for three months.  Why did you foolishly go where the breaking took place?  And get heartburn?”  He dismissed the case.

The religious minded people said that they were happy. “As you go on breaking the idols, the number of idols will increase.  More temples will be built.”

Periyar said, “In that case, everything is fine.  I will give you the idols at my own expense.  You break them and spare me of my strain.”

Periyar made use of the agitation to register his opposition to caste system and varnasarma and to the god who is considered to be responsible for that.

- the modern rationalist

ADI DRAVIDA SELF RESPECT CONFERENCE

Periyar Speaks

We are happy about a significant resolution passed in the Adi Dravida Self Respect Conference held at Nepier Park, Chennai, yesterday (20 July 1929).

“Our large community of six and a half crores of people has been included in Hindu religion, as a result of which we remain untouchables, deprived of equality.  Hence this conference resolves to beseech the government and the legislators not to record our religion as Hinduism and to remove us from the list of Hinduism from all the government documents.”

About three years ago a resolution was passed to the same effect in the conference of SNDP Elava people which was convened at Mudukulathur of Travancore Princely State.  It has resolved that those people must go to some other religion leaving Hinduism, as there was so human freedom in that religion.

Knowing that such a resolution was in the offing, some Christian missionaries, Buddhist luminaries and Arya Samajist attended the (SNDP) conference and propounded the strong points of their own religions.

The SNDP meeting was attended by E.V.Ramasami who said, while supporting the resolution, that there was no immediate need for going to any other religion and we could wait and see for some more time.  If conversion was in fact necessary then the proper choice would be Islam as right then people were afraid only of Mohammedans, among all people.  In that religion all rights were protected except in the case of women.  Christianity in our country was gradually becoming like Brahminic religion, since caste distinctions were observed in it.  Arya Samaj was nothing but another form of Brahminism.  Though Bhuddhist principles were decidedly better than those of any other religion, at present only Islam had the capacity to control Brahminism to assure real freedom to the people of our country.

When there is no religion called Hinduism, it is improper to call people by that name.  When that is the case, using the name and denying human rights along with the rights to use temples, water sources, streets and schools is the most unjust and unfair practice.

It was decided, as per his advice, that there was no immediate need for conversion.

Now, the Adi Dravida Conference too has resolved to get away from Hindu religion though not to join any other religion. Some people may ask how to call them in that case.  There is no need for them to have any distinct name.  If need be, they may be called Indians.  If it were be pointed out they had to be registered under some name, the 65 crores of untouchables could be called non-Hindus just as 20 crores of people who are known as Hindus are politically referred to as non-Mahammedam.

When there are non-Brahmins and non-Mohammedans, heavens would not fall if there were to be group of people called non Hindus.   No disgrace would be caused to them on that account.  At any rate, we feel that the disgrace cannot be greater than what is caused by being called Hindus.  When there is no religion called Hinduism, it is improper to call people by that name.  When that is the case, using the name and denying human rights along with the rights to use temples, water sources, streets and schools is the most unjust and unfair practice.

Some people contend that we are alone in stating that there is no religion called Hinduism because of a lack of knowledge and induced by our hatred for Brahmins.  But let us see what K. Subramania Pillai, a bilingual scholar in English and Tamil, veteran in religious scholarship, and a man of sharp intellect, has uttered on this point in Sentamil Selvi (Tamil monthly) seven or eight years ago.

“The first point people have to etch firmly in their minds is that there is no religion called Hinduism.

The Persian word ‘Hindu’ which denoted the residents of Sindhu valley was changed to Indus by the Greeks and was used by all westerners to denote the people of the land; the land itself was called India.  The Word Hindu is not found either in Tamil or in Sanskrit.

Only those who have no knowledge whatsoever of religions will call their religion ‘Hindu Religion’  just as European, American or English stands for the civilization of those people and not for their religion, the word Hindu stands for the civilization of the people spread from Himalayas upto Cape Comerin, and not for their religion.  Swami Vivekananda also has expressed the same opinion in many of his speeches.  A religion will be named after its deity, the chief prophet or its scriptures.  Christianity and Mahammedanism are named after their prophets.  Buddhism or Arugathan also follow suit.  But the word Hinduism does not denote any religious ideas.”  Pillai has confirmed that Swami Vivekananda is of the same opinion.  It is not clear how long we should tolerate the vandalisation of 20 crores of people and a prosperous country in the name of a nonexistent religion and opportunistic policies to suit selfishness of the rulers.

On another occasion Brahmin called Dr. S. Subramania Ayyar observed in his own paper, Commonweal.

“If the present condition of the Hindu people is pondered on the dilapidated and disorderly construction of Hindu religion cannot be used by carrying out repairs here and there and supported with props.

It must be mercilessly demolished and flattened, and another non ostentatious building suitable for the present day use and needs, can be reacted in its place.  That seems to be best thing to do.”

Many more researchers are of the same view.  When this is the case, how many people who are witnessing a fake religion standing in the way of such tasks like stopping child marriages’, acquiring the right for all people to walk on the streets, preventing prostitution carried on in the temples in the name of gods and to stop children being pushed into the bedroom, can be honest courageous and honourable?

Therefore when the Adi Dravidas demand that they should not be recorded as Hindus, we too are in the need for taking such a stand.  If we agree to be recorded as Hindus, we get the title of sudras which lower us to that of Adi Dravidas.  No reformist, or legislator or leader of the society is known to have taken any steps to get rid of the disgrace.  There are people who cry hoarse “Faith is gone, god is gone, religion has gone, mythology is gone,” all to get small rewards, but no one with real human qualities who will say, “Self respect is gone! Human rights are gone, we have become lower than animals” and try to restore human dignity.  Hence it is our belief that soon the day will come when we too will demand to be freed from the shackles of Hinduism just as Adi Dravida brethren are doing now.

Sub Editorial, ‘Kudi Arasu’, 21^st July 1929 

Translated by : Prof. A. Ayyasamy

-  the modern rationalist, 1.12.18